Despite the importance of heterosis, the molecular basis of this phenomenon is unclear 67. Environmental issues corn distribution physiological aspects crop yields measurement research. Heterosis is prevalent for multiple traits in diverse. Heterosis in rnaize single crosses derived from ayellow. Heterosis refers to the phenomenon that progeny of diverse varieties of a species or crosses between species exhibit greater biomass, speed of development, and fertility than both parents. Heterosisassociated proteome analyses of maize zea mays l. Information on the heterotic patterns and combing ability among maize germplasm is essential in maximizing the. The exploitation of heterosis is one of the most outstanding advancements in plant breeding, although its genetic basis is not well understood yet. Heterotic loci identified for maize kernel traits in two. Heterosis and inbreeding depression for grain yield in maize. Pdf standard heterosis for grain yield in maize hybrids. Rapeseed is a partially allogamous crop with considerably lower levels of heterosis than maize. However, the genetic architecture of heterosis is not fully understood.
Seminal roots are embryonic roots that play an important role during early maize zea mays l. Combining ability and heterosis for yield and component characters in maize m. Sep 09, 2019 utilization of heterosis in maize could be critical in maize breeding for boosting grain yield. Is heterosis in maize mediated through better water use. Original article, report by advances in environmental biology. If mphcorrelated genes contribute significantly to heterosis, this role should be interpretable in terms of quantitative genetics. Heterosis in yellow maize australian journal of crop science. Genetic analysis of heterosis for yield and yield components. Heterosis has been used in the breeding and production of many crop and animal species janick 1998. Heterosis and combining ability studies in maize zea mays l. Heterotic qtl for grain yield mapped near low r pericentromeric regions i. Heterosis for grain yield in maize was attributed to heterosis for leaf size, maximum lai, leaf staygreen traits, sustaining rate of photosynthesis during the grain filling period and larger. Here, a principal component analysis pca of maize seed proteomes was used for representative inbreds of five heterotic germplasms and three classes of hybrid. A study was conducted of the heterosis in qpm maize, following line x tester analysis.
The analysis of heterosis for multiple traits in a large set of hybrids reveals that maize hybrids exhibit betterparent heterosis for nearly any trait in nearly every hybrid. Russell wa 1974 comparative performance for maize hybrids representing different eras of maize breeding. Estimation of heterosis for grain yield and architectural traits in yellow seeded maize zea mays l. Corn maize nearly all field corn grown in most developed nations exhibits heterosis. Genomewide metaanalysis of maize heterosis reveals the. A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id. In brazil, the first research with hybrid maize began in 1933 at the instituto agronomico in campinas, sp.
Heterosis and combining ability studies in maize zea maysl. Rohman plant breeding division, bangladesh agricultural research institute joydebpur, gazipur, bangladesh abstract. Jul 23, 2018 heterosis has been widely used to increase grain quality and yield, but its genetic mechanism remains unclear. Today the concept of heterotic groups and patterns is fundamental to hybrid breeding theory and practice.
Combining ability and heterosis for yield and yield. Combining ability and heterosis in maize zea mays l. In this perspective, we consider that it might be useful to the field to abandon these. Most of the traits measured in this study exhibit betterparent heterosis in over 90% of the tested hybrids. Pdf determination of heterosis in maize hybrids is necessary for their commercial exploitation. Combing ability, gene action and heterosis estimation in. Combining ability for growth parameter and yield components were evaluated in a 7. Heterosis has been widely used to increase grain quality and yield, but its genetic mechanism remains unclear. Heterosis refers to the superior phenotypes observed in hybrids relative to their inbred parents with respect to traits such as growth rate, reproductive success, and yield. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the parents and f1 hybrids for all the characters.
Determination of heterosis in maize hybrids is necessary for their commercial exploitation. Heterosis is used to increase yields, uniformity, and vigor. Incomplete dominance of deleterious alleles contributes. H99 to study heterosis by procedures of classical genetic and quantitative trait loci qtl analyses. Heterosis and combining ability is prerequisite for developing a good economically viable maize variety. Heterosis dominated the thinking of plant and animal geneticists in the 1940s and 1950s as evidenced by the now classic book entitled heterosis edited by john w. Heterosis, or hybrid vigor, contributes to superior agronomic performance of hybrids compared to their inbred parents. The mechanism by which heterosis enhances yield is not fully understood, but a comprehensive analysis of its effects has been provided by blum 20. Despite its importance, little is known about the genetic and molecular basis of heterosis. In this study, the genetic basis of heterosis for four maize kernel traits was. Jan 27, 2017 understanding the combining ability and heterosis of available germplasm is a prerequisite for successful maize improvement and breeding. Understanding the combining ability and heterosis of available germplasm is a prerequisite for successful maize improvement and breeding.
Several maize researchers also found statistically significant differences between the genotypes for grain yield and yield related traits in their study on heterosis and combining ability of maize dagne et al. To begin with, we may state that heterosis is generally considered to be present. Dissecting heterosis during the ear inflorescence development. Heterosis most of the maize varieties grown in the u. In this study we measured 25 traits in a set of 47 maize hybrids and their inbred parents. Information on heterosis and combining ability among maize germplasm is essential in maximizing the effectiveness of hybrid development. S1 and materials and methods including the reciprocal triploid and diploid hybrids, mo17. Heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis for maize yield per plot and yield. Hybrid breeding methods are used in maize, sorghum, rice, sugar beet, onion, spinach, sunflowers, broccoli and to create a more psychoactive cannabis. The highest level of heterosis was observed with 30% for grain yield compared to heterosis levels of 100% frequently observed in maize.
Diallel analysis and estimation of heterosis in single cross maize hybrids. Formation of heterotic groups and understanding genetic. Edwards heterosis is the foundation of modern maize breeding programs. Twodimensional difference gel electrophoresis 2d dige coupled with mass spectrometry ms was used to separate and identify heterosisrelated proteins, and gelbased label free ms was used to identify global changes in the overall protein amountof selectedproteinsrevealedby. Heterosis in rnaize single crosses derived from ayellow tuxpefio variety in brazil elto eugenio gomes e gama 1, amei roy hallaue. Genotypebyenvironment interactions affecting heterosis in maize.
To quantify heterosis in diploid and triploid hybrids, field experiments were conducted in the summers of 2008 and 2009 to measure nine traits in eight maize lines fig. Despite its importance in maize production, we know surprisingly little about the genetic basis of heterosis. Cytokinin free bases, such as tzr and isopentenyl adenine, are physiologically active in plant tissues. Heterosis and combining ability for grain yield and quality.
The use of heterosis has been intensively explored. Heterosis is the superior performance of heterozygous f 1hybrid plants compared to their homozygous genetically distinct parents. The effect of such differences, even if tiny at the beginning of the crop. Genomic dosage effects on heterosis in triploid maize pnas. Differential analysis of proteomes and metabolomes reveals. The phenomenon has apparently been recognized in one form or another for centuries by various civilizations chen.
Heterosis is prevalent for multiple traits in diverse maize germplasm sherry a. Pdf the utility of diallel crosses for identification superior combinations is a common in maize breeding programme. Investigations of the phenomenon have followed two separate courses. Journal of bioscience and agriculture research, 182, pp. May 01, 2007 the exploitation of heterosis is one of the most outstanding advancements in plant breeding, although its genetic basis is not well understood yet. Pdf heterosis breeding for maturity, yield and quality characters. Heterosis and combining ability for grain yield and its components in selected maize inbred lines. Combining ability and heterosis for yield and component. Heterosis and combining ability for grain yield and yield.
Although heterosis in maize has been studied since the early 1900s and. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the parents and f1. Various models have been posited to explain heterosis, including dominance, overdominance, and pseudooverdominance. When growing hybrid maize, the farmer generally obtains fresh f1 hybrid seed each year from growers who specialize in its production. This hybrid vigor contributes greatly to the high productivity of todays maize. Heterosis in yellow maize 1 ae sharief, 1se elkalla, 2he gado and 2hae aboyousef 1agronomy dept. Hybrids congregated in the center region of inbreds, forming an additive. The objectives of this study were to analyze the combining ability and heterosis of seven representative maize germplasm populations, and further, to evaluate their potential utility in germplasm improvement. Utilization of heterosis in maize could be critical in maize breeding for boosting grain yield. Ppt heterosis powerpoint presentation free to view id. This research was conducted on the materials arising from the maize single cross b73.
Heterosis breeding for maturity, yield and quality characters in maize zea mays l. Genetic dissection of yieldrelated traits and midparent. Physiological basis of heterosis for nitrogen use efficiency. Gowen and published by iowa state university press. Farmers are always on the lookout for better maize hybrids in the competitive seed market. Heterosis and the nature and combining ability was studied in 7. Information on the heterotic patterns and combing ability among maize germplasm is essential in maximizing the effectiveness of hybrid development beck et al. Heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor, is a phenomenon where an organism has greater vigor than its distantly related parents and is the. Springer3 1usdaars, plant genetics research unit, and division of plant sciences, university of missouri, columbia, missouri, united states of america, 2usdaars, u.
Jbar diallel analysis heterosis single cross maize hybrids. Pdf estimation of heterosis for quantitative characters. Heterosis and combining ability of seven maize germplasm. Larrington chaser trailer unloading maize in to commercial lorry duration. Table m means of 55 single above diagonal specific combining ability effects estimates below diagonal and general combining ability effects estimates for grain yield qha evaluated at six locations. Heterosis has also been reported to help maize to better adapt under diverse stress conditions tollenaar et al. Heterosis of ear traits has significant positive correlations with maize yield. Early maize ear inflorescences formation affects grain yield, and are thus an excellent model for molecular mechanisms involved in heterosis. Ameta2, rupal dhoot3, ramesh kumar1 and varun kumar badaya1 1department of plant breeding and genetics, 2department of horticulture, rajasthan college of. The first has been largely descriptive and concerned with the frequency and. The performance of fifty qpm maize hybrids along with their parents and checks were evaluated during rabi 200506.
To this end, we analyzed the 1,999 mphcorrelated genes from thiemann et al. Heterosis was discovered in maize about a century ago and has subsequently been found to occur in many crop species. We combine a priori prediction of deleterious alleles from whole genome sequence data with multiyear field evaluation of important agronomic phenotypes to test the role of incomplete dominance in determining hybrid phenotypes and heterosis in maize. Maize, heterosis, combining ability, gene action, yield maize zea mays l. This work resulted in the production of the first brazilian maize double hybrid in 1939 by krug and coworkers. The converse or complement to inbreeding depression in which the value d a inbreeding can result in loss of vigor, size, etc. Gene expression and genetic control to cold tolerance. To dissect the genetic basis of yieldrelated traits and heterosis in maize, 301 recombinant. Shull 1952 coined the term heterosis and defined it as. Vancouver karim ms, ahmed s, akhi ah, amiruzzaman m and karim anma.
A century ago, dominance and overdominance hypotheses were developed to explain the phenomenon of heterosis, both hypotheses were in a nonadditive pattern. One of the reasons for using such wide crosses is to obtain heterosis. Materials were the basic generations, the derived 142. Data derived from several experiments, namely, coordinated varietal trialhybrid cvth, diallel crosses. Classical genetic and quantitative trait loci analyses of. Estimation of heterosis for grain yield and architectural. Heterosis and combining ability for grain yield and quality in maize zea mays l.
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